A quick ORDS REST-Enabled SQL Service example

by

I promise this post will connect back to an overarching theme. But for now, I want to show how you can take a SQL query and use that in combination with the ORDS REST-Enabled SQL Service to request data from a database table.

The SQL query

Here is the SQL query I’m using:

select * from (     
  select noc, sport     
  from   olympic_medal_winners     
)     
pivot (min('X') for sport in (     
  'Archery' as arc, 'Athletics' as ath, 'Hockey' as hoc,   
  'Judo' as jud, 'Sailing' as sai, 'Wrestling' as wre  
  )      
)     
order  by noc     
fetch  first 7 rows only

The SQL Script

Please feel free to cheat like me and steal this same script from the Live SQL site (direct link here). And if you can’t be bothered to do that, the script in its entirety, can be found at the bottom of the post. 

PAUSE: Shout out to Chris Saxon for conceiving this. And putting in the real work. I'm both too lazy and too dumb to come up with this on my own.

The demo

Let’s assume you’ve created the table and inserted all the same data. Now, you can take a SQL query (use the same one as me, or don’t, I don’t care 😑) and run it in an SQL Worksheet (like I did here):

running-the-sql-query-in-database-actions-chris-hoina-ords-oracle-rest-apis-database-actions-rest-enabled-sql
Coooool dude...you did a thing I already know how to do!

That’s what you’ll end up with. It’s actually a pretty neat printout; I didn’t even know you could do this! But, I want to take that SQL query and demonstrate how you can do this with the ORDS REST-Enabled SQL service.

Disclaimer

I’m performing this demo locally. I have a Podman container running with an Oracle database therein (one I grabbed from our Oracle Container Registry). I’ve also installed ORDS in this database and used my ORDSTEST user (the same setup as in my original Podman/ORDS how-to post).

About the REST-Enabled SQL Service

How do I set this service up? When you first install ORDS, if you enable Database Actions, you are also enabling this REST-Enabled SQL Service. You’ll see it in this step in the ORDS Interactive Installer: 

Enter a number to select additional feature(s) to enable:
    [1] Database Actions  (Enables all features)
    [2] REST Enabled SQL and Database API
    [3] REST Enabled SQL
    [4] Database API
    [5] None
  Choose [1]:

See it? If you select [1], then you are also enabling features [2], [3], and [4]. 

PRO TIP: Basically, if you can sign into Database Actions, then you're good. You're all set.

Long story short. You are taking that whacky SQL from the above example (something that would take me a week to come up with on my own) and passing it as a payload in a POST request to your REST-Enabled SQL Service 🤖 endpoint.

Since I am doing this locally, my REST-Enabled SQL Service endpoint looks like this:

rest-enabled-sql-service-endpoint-post-chris-hoina-senior-product-manager-ords-oracle-database-tools
You should see something similar; your REST-enabled schema alias will differ however

Next, with my Terminal open (and ORDS running, duh!) I’ll issue the following command: 

curl -i -X POST --user ORDSTEST:password1234 --data-binary "@sportCountryMatrix.sql" -H "Content-Type: application/sql" -k http://localhost:8080/ords/ordstest/_/sql
issuing-curl-command-post-request-to-rest-enabled-sql-endpoint-chris-hoina-senior-product-manager-database-actions-oracle

The --data-binary option

Ah-ha! You probably noticed that the --data-binary option references a separate sportCountryMatrix.sql file. That’s because our docs recommend using an SQL file for multi-line SQL statements (like my example). I bet you could pass in this multi-line statement via the command line, but that seems unnecessarily challenging. Plus, I KNOW this works.

A quick review of the directory setup

I want to quickly review how I created this file, mostly remaining in Terminal. I first created a new ordsSqlService directory on my desktop. Then, I made an empty sportCountryMatrix.sql file.

Using VIM, I opened that file, pasted my choice SQL statement, saved it, and exited. I wanted to mention this because when I executed that cURL command, it worked because I was in the same directory as the SQL file!

Here are some screenshots of me going through those steps. You’ll see me creating the file but then also using the cat command so that I can double-check the contents of the .sql file.

pasting-sql-query-into-file-for-curl-command-post-request-chris-hoina-senior-product-manager-ords-database-actions
setting-up-directory-and-files-for-curl-command-post-request-chris-hoina-senior-product-manager-ords-database-actions

And now, back to the cURL command. After issuing the command, here is the response to the POST request:

response-from-curl-command-post-request-to-rest-enabled-sql-endpoint-chris-hoina-senior-product-manager-database-actions-oracle

I know the response isn’t the most readable, but I can figure that out another time. (I have something else planned as a follow-up to this post). But it’s all there, trust me (I’m a doctor)!

Also, this blog post was about 50% me messing around and 50% reminding YOU that ORDS is capable of this (right out of the box, with the correct switches turned on). So, hopefully, you get the gist 😄.

Takeaways

Let me close this out with some final thoughts…

  1. If you can sign into Database Actions, then you can take advantage of the REST-Enabled SQL Service
  2. I haven’t explored how to pretty print the JSON response so it is more readable (and yes, I tried piping in | json_pp; it didn’t work)
  3. Update on #2…I actually did figure this out. Read about that here.
  4. You have to use your database username and password; this isn’t ideal for two reasons:
    • Security
    • Resource consumption (Basic Authentication can become costly, quick)
  5. You can take pretty much any SQL query and turn it into a “Resource”
    • For instance, if you are an analyst, you can take that SQL query, save it as a file, and pass it in your cURL command to get precisely what you want.

Follow

And don’t forget to follow, like, subscribe, share, taunt, troll, or stalk me!

-- REM   Script: Pivot and unpivot examples using Olympic data
-- REM   Examples of pivoting and unpivoting data. Uses a subset of -- the results from the Rio Olympics as a data source.

-- For further explanation of the scripts, read the following blog -- post:
-- https://blogs.oracle.com/sql/entry/how_to_convert_rows_to

create table olympic_medal_winners (   
  olympic_year int,  
  sport        varchar2( 30 ),  
  gender       varchar2( 1 ),  
  event        varchar2( 128 ),  
  medal        varchar2( 10 ),  
  noc          varchar2( 3 ),  
  athlete      varchar2( 128 ) 
);

Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Archery','M','Men''s Individual','Gold','KOR','KU Bonchan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Archery','M','Men''s Individual','Silver','FRA','VALLADONT Jean-Charles');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Archery','M','Men''s Individual','Bronze','USA','ELLISON Brady');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Archery','M','Men''s Team','Gold','KOR','Republic of Korea');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Archery','M','Men''s Team','Bronze','AUS','Australia');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Archery','M','Men''s Team','Silver','USA','United States');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Artistic Gymnastics','M','Men''s Floor Exercise','Gold','GBR','WHITLOCK Max');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Artistic Gymnastics','M','Men''s Floor Exercise','Bronze','BRA','MARIANO Arthur');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Artistic Gymnastics','M','Men''s Floor Exercise','Silver','BRA','HYPOLITO Diego');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Artistic Gymnastics','M','Men''s Horizontal Bar','Gold','GER','HAMBUECHEN Fabian');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Artistic Gymnastics','M','Men''s Horizontal Bar','Bronze','GBR','WILSON Nile');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Artistic Gymnastics','M','Men''s Horizontal Bar','Silver','USA','LEYVA Danell');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Athletics','M','Men''s 10,000m','Gold','GBR','FARAH Mohamed');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Athletics','M','Men''s 10,000m','Bronze','ETH','TOLA Tamirat');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Athletics','M','Men''s 10,000m','Silver','KEN','TANUI Paul Kipngetich');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Athletics','M','Men''s 100m','Gold','JAM','BOLT Usain');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Athletics','M','Men''s 100m','Silver','USA','GATLIN Justin');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Athletics','M','Men''s 100m','Bronze','CAN','DE GRASSE Andre');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Badminton','M','Men''s Doubles','Gold','CHN','Zhang');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Badminton','M','Men''s Doubles','Bronze','GBR','Langridge');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Badminton','M','Men''s Doubles','Bronze','GBR','Ellis');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Badminton','M','Men''s Doubles','Silver','MAS','Tan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Badminton','M','Men''s Doubles','Silver','MAS','Goh');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Badminton','M','Men''s Doubles','Gold','CHN','Fu');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Beach Volleyball','M','Men','Gold','BRA','Cerutti');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Beach Volleyball','M','Men','Gold','BRA','Oscar Schmidt');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Beach Volleyball','M','Men','Silver','ITA','Nicolai');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Beach Volleyball','M','Men','Silver','ITA','Lupo');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Beach Volleyball','M','Men','Bronze','NED','Meeuwsen');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Beach Volleyball','M','Men','Bronze','NED','Brouwer');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Boxing','M','Men''s Bantam (56kg)','Gold','CUB','RAMIREZ Robeisy');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Boxing','M','Men''s Bantam (56kg)','Bronze','UZB','AKHMADALIEV Murodjon');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Boxing','M','Men''s Bantam (56kg)','Bronze','RUS','NIKITIN Vladimir');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Boxing','M','Men''s Bantam (56kg)','Silver','USA','STEVENSON Shakur');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Boxing','M','Men''s Fly (52kg)','Gold','UZB','ZOIROV Shakhobidin');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Boxing','M','Men''s Fly (52kg)','Bronze','CHN','HU Jianguan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Slalom','M','Canoe Double (C2) Men','Gold','SVK','PETER Skantar');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Slalom','M','Canoe Double (C2) Men','Bronze','FRA','GAUTHIER Klauss');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Slalom','M','Canoe Double (C2) Men','Bronze','FRA','MATTHIEU Peche');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Slalom','M','Canoe Double (C2) Men','Silver','GBR','RICHARD Hounslow');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Slalom','M','Canoe Double (C2) Men','Silver','GBR','DAVID Florence');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Slalom','M','Canoe Double (C2) Men','Gold','SVK','LADISLAV Skantar');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Sprint','M','Men''s Canoe Double 1000m','Gold','GER','Brendel');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Sprint','M','Men''s Canoe Double 1000m','Bronze','UKR','Mishchuk');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Sprint','M','Men''s Canoe Double 1000m','Bronze','UKR','Ianchuk');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Sprint','M','Men''s Canoe Double 1000m','Silver','BRA','Queiroz dos Santos');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Sprint','M','Men''s Canoe Double 1000m','Silver','BRA','de Souza Silva');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Canoe Sprint','M','Men''s Canoe Double 1000m','Gold','GER','Vandrey');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Road','M','Men''s Individual Time Trial','Gold','SUI','CANCELLARA Fabian');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Road','M','Men''s Individual Time Trial','Bronze','GBR','FROOME Christopher');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Road','M','Men''s Individual Time Trial','Silver','NED','DUMOULIN Tom');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Road','M','Men''s Road Race','Gold','BEL','VAN AVERMAET Greg');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Road','M','Men''s Road Race','Silver','DEN','FUGLSANG Jakob');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Road','M','Men''s Road Race','Bronze','POL','MAJKA Rafal');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Track','M','Men''s Keirin','Gold','GBR','KENNY Jason');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Track','M','Men''s Keirin','Bronze','MAS','AWANG Azizulhasni');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Track','M','Men''s Keirin','Silver','NED','BUCHLI Matthijs');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Track','M','Men''s Omnium','Gold','ITA','VIVIANI Elia');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Track','M','Men''s Omnium','Bronze','DEN','HANSEN Lasse Norman');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Cycling Track','M','Men''s Omnium','Silver','GBR','CAVENDISH Mark');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Diving','M','Men''s 10m Platform','Gold','CHN','CHEN Aisen');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Diving','M','Men''s 10m Platform','Bronze','USA','BOUDIA David');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Diving','M','Men''s 10m Platform','Silver','MEX','SANCHEZ German');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Diving','M','Men''s 3m Springboard','Gold','CHN','CAO Yuan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Diving','M','Men''s 3m Springboard','Silver','GBR','LAUGHER Jack');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Diving','M','Men''s 3m Springboard','Bronze','GER','HAUSDING Patrick');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Equestrian','X','Dressage Individual','Gold','GBR','DUJARDIN Charlotte');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Equestrian','X','Dressage Individual','Bronze','GER','BRORING-SPREHE Kristina');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Equestrian','X','Dressage Individual','Silver','GER','WERTH Isabell');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Equestrian','X','Dressage Team','Gold','GER','Germany');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Equestrian','X','Dressage Team','Bronze','USA','United States');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Equestrian','X','Dressage Team','Silver','GBR','Great Britain');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Fencing','M','Men''s Foil Individual','Gold','ITA','GAROZZO Daniele');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Fencing','M','Men''s Foil Individual','Silver','USA','MASSIALAS Alexander');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Fencing','M','Men''s Foil Individual','Bronze','RUS','SAFIN Timur');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Fencing','M','Men''s Foil Team','Gold','RUS','Russian Federation');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Fencing','M','Men''s Foil Team','Bronze','USA','United States');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Fencing','M','Men''s Foil Team','Silver','FRA','France');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Handball','M','Men','Gold','DEN','Denmark');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Handball','M','Men','Silver','FRA','France');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Handball','M','Men','Bronze','GER','Germany');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Handball','W','Women','Gold','RUS','Russian Federation');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Handball','W','Women','Silver','FRA','France');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Handball','W','Women','Bronze','NOR','Norway');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Hockey','M','Men','Gold','ARG','Argentina');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Hockey','M','Men','Silver','BEL','Belgium');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Hockey','M','Men','Bronze','GER','Germany');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Hockey','W','Women','Gold','GBR','Great Britain');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Hockey','W','Women','Silver','NED','Netherlands');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Hockey','W','Women','Bronze','GER','Germany');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Judo','M','Men +100 kg','Gold','FRA','RINER Teddy');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Judo','M','Men +100 kg','Bronze','BRA','SILVA Rafael');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Judo','M','Men +100 kg','Bronze','ISR','SASSON Or');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Judo','M','Men +100 kg','Silver','JPN','HARASAWA Hisayoshi');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Judo','M','Men -100 kg','Gold','CZE','KRPALEK Lukas');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Judo','M','Men -100 kg','Bronze','FRA','MARET Cyrille');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Modern Pentathlon','M','Men''s Individual','Gold','RUS','LESUN Alexander');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Modern Pentathlon','M','Men''s Individual','Silver','UKR','TYMOSHCHENKO Pavlo');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Modern Pentathlon','M','Men''s Individual','Bronze','MEX','HERNANDEZ USCANGA Ismael Marcelo');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Modern Pentathlon','W','Women''s Individual','Gold','AUS','ESPOSITO Chloe');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Modern Pentathlon','W','Women''s Individual','Silver','FRA','CLOUVEL Elodie');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Modern Pentathlon','W','Women''s Individual','Bronze','POL','NOWACKA Oktawia');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rhythmic Gymnastics','W','Group All-Around','Gold','RUS','Russian Federation');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rhythmic Gymnastics','W','Group All-Around','Bronze','BUL','Bulgaria');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rhythmic Gymnastics','W','Group All-Around','Silver','ESP','Spain');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rhythmic Gymnastics','W','Individual All-Around','Gold','RUS','MAMUN Margarita');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rhythmic Gymnastics','W','Individual All-Around','Silver','RUS','KUDRYAVTSEVA Yana');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rhythmic Gymnastics','W','Individual All-Around','Bronze','UKR','RIZATDINOVA Ganna');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rowing','M','Lightweight Men''s Double Sculls','Gold','FRA','Azou');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rowing','M','Lightweight Men''s Double Sculls','Bronze','NOR','Brun');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rowing','M','Lightweight Men''s Double Sculls','Bronze','NOR','Strandli');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rowing','M','Lightweight Men''s Double Sculls','Silver','IRL','O''Donovan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rowing','M','Lightweight Men''s Double Sculls','Silver','IRL','O''Donovan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Rowing','M','Lightweight Men''s Double Sculls','Gold','FRA','Houin');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Sailing','M','470 Men','Gold','CRO','Fantela');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Sailing','M','470 Men','Bronze','GRE','Kagialis');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Sailing','M','470 Men','Bronze','GRE','Mantis');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Sailing','M','470 Men','Silver','AUS','Ryan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Sailing','M','470 Men','Silver','AUS','Belcher');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Sailing','M','470 Men','Gold','CRO','Marenic');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Swimming','M','Men''s 100m Backstroke','Gold','USA','MURPHY Ryan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Swimming','M','Men''s 100m Backstroke','Bronze','USA','PLUMMER David');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Swimming','M','Men''s 100m Backstroke','Silver','CHN','XU Jiayu');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Swimming','M','Men''s 100m Breaststroke','Gold','GBR','PEATY Adam');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Swimming','M','Men''s 100m Breaststroke','Bronze','USA','MILLER Cody');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Swimming','M','Men''s 100m Breaststroke','Silver','RSA','VAN DER BURGH Cameron');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Table Tennis','M','Men''s Singles','Gold','CHN','MA Long');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Table Tennis','M','Men''s Singles','Bronze','JPN','MIZUTANI Jun');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Table Tennis','M','Men''s Singles','Silver','CHN','ZHANG Jike');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Table Tennis','M','Men''s Team','Gold','CHN','China');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Table Tennis','M','Men''s Team','Bronze','GER','Germany');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Table Tennis','M','Men''s Team','Silver','JPN','Japan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Taekwondo','M','Men +80kg','Gold','AZE','ISAEV Radik');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Taekwondo','M','Men +80kg','Bronze','KOR','CHA Dongmin');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Taekwondo','M','Men +80kg','Bronze','BRA','SIQUEIRA Maicon');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Taekwondo','M','Men +80kg','Silver','NIG','ISSOUFOU ALFAGA Abdoulrazak');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Taekwondo','M','Men -58kg','Gold','CHN','ZHAO Shuai');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Taekwondo','M','Men -58kg','Silver','THA','HANPRAB Tawin');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Tennis','M','Men''s Doubles','Gold','ESP','Lopez');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Tennis','M','Men''s Doubles','Bronze','USA','Johnson');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Tennis','M','Men''s Doubles','Bronze','USA','Sock');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Tennis','M','Men''s Doubles','Silver','ROU','Tecau');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Tennis','M','Men''s Doubles','Silver','ROU','Mergea');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Tennis','M','Men''s Doubles','Gold','ESP','Nadal');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Trampoline Gymnastics','M','Men','Gold','BLR','HANCHAROU Uladzislau');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Trampoline Gymnastics','M','Men','Silver','CHN','DONG Dong');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Trampoline Gymnastics','M','Men','Bronze','CHN','GAO Lei');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Trampoline Gymnastics','W','Women','Gold','CAN','MACLENNAN Rosannagh');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Trampoline Gymnastics','W','Women','Silver','GBR','PAGE Bryony');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Trampoline Gymnastics','W','Women','Bronze','CHN','LI Dan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Triathlon','M','Men','Gold','GBR','BROWNLEE Alistair');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Triathlon','M','Men','Silver','GBR','BROWNLEE Jonathan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Triathlon','M','Men','Bronze','RSA','SCHOEMAN Henri');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Triathlon','W','Women','Gold','USA','JORGENSEN Gwen');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Triathlon','W','Women','Silver','SUI','SPIRIG HUG Nicola');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Triathlon','W','Women','Bronze','GBR','HOLLAND Vicky');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Volleyball','M','Men','Gold','BRA','Brazil');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Volleyball','M','Men','Silver','ITA','Italy');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Volleyball','M','Men','Bronze','USA','United States');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Volleyball','W','Women','Gold','CHN','China');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Volleyball','W','Women','Silver','SRB','Serbia');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Volleyball','W','Women','Bronze','USA','United States');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Water Polo','M','Men','Gold','SRB','Serbia');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Water Polo','M','Men','Silver','CRO','Croatia');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Water Polo','M','Men','Bronze','ITA','Italy');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Water Polo','W','Women','Gold','USA','United States');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Water Polo','W','Women','Silver','ITA','Italy');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Water Polo','W','Women','Bronze','RUS','Russian Federation');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Weightlifting','M','Men''s +105kg','Gold','GEO','TALAKHADZE Lasha');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Weightlifting','M','Men''s +105kg','Bronze','GEO','TURMANIDZE Irakli');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Weightlifting','M','Men''s +105kg','Silver','ARM','MINASYAN Gor');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Weightlifting','M','Men''s 105kg','Gold','UZB','NURUDINOV Ruslan');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Weightlifting','M','Men''s 105kg','Bronze','KAZ','ZAICHIKOV Alexandr');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Weightlifting','M','Men''s 105kg','Silver','ARM','MARTIROSYAN Simon');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Wrestling','M','Men''s Freestyle 125 kg','Gold','TUR','AKGUL Taha');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Wrestling','M','Men''s Freestyle 125 kg','Bronze','BLR','SAIDAU Ibrahim');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Wrestling','M','Men''s Freestyle 125 kg','Bronze','GEO','PETRIASHVILI Geno');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Wrestling','M','Men''s Freestyle 125 kg','Silver','IRI','GHASEMI Komeil Nemat');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Wrestling','M','Men''s Freestyle 57 kg','Gold','GEO','KHINCHEGASHVILI Vladimer');
Insert into olympic_medal_winners (OLYMPIC_YEAR,SPORT,GENDER,EVENT,MEDAL,NOC,ATHLETE) values (2016,'Wrestling','M','Men''s Freestyle 57 kg','Bronze','AZE','ALIYEV Haji');

-- This pivots the results by medal. But the columns not listed 
-- in the pivot form an implicit group by. So this gives the 
-- medal total per athlete per event.

select * from olympic_medal_winners   
pivot ( count(*) for medal in (   
 'Gold' gold, 'Silver' silver, 'Bronze' bronze   
))   
order by noc   
fetch first 6 rows only;

-- To overcome the problem in the previous statement, 
-- his selects just the columns you need in the subquery. 
-- But some events have multiple people who win the 
-- same medal - e.g. doubles tennis. This pivot 
-- counts rows in the table, not individual events.

select * from (   
 select noc, medal from olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot ( count(*) for medal in (   
 'Gold' gold, 'Silver' silver, 'Bronze' bronze   
))   
order  by 2 desc, 3 desc, 4 desc   
fetch first 5 rows only;

-- This solves the over counting problem in the 
-- previous statement. It does this by finding the 
-- distinct values for sport, event and gender 
-- then counting the results.

select * from (   
 select noc, medal, sport, event, gender   
 from olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot ( count(distinct sport ||'#'|| event ||'#'||gender ) for medal in (   
 'Gold' gold, 'Silver' silver, 'Bronze' bronze   
))   
order  by 2 desc, 3 desc, 4 desc   
fetch first 5 rows only;

-- You can have many functions in the pivot. 
-- Oracle generates a column for each function 
-- per value in the in clause. This finds the 
-- gold medal winning countries. For each it shows:
-- - The number of different events these were won in
-- - The number of different sports thy were won in
-- - The names of the athlete or team who won each medal
-- Finally it filters to only show those countries 
-- that won at least two gold medals.

select * from (   
  select noc, medal, sport, event, gender, athlete   
  from   olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot  (    
  count( distinct sport ||'#'|| event ||'#'|| gender ) medals,   
  count( distinct sport ) sports,   
  listagg( athlete, ',') within group (order by athlete) athletes   
  for medal in ( 'Gold' gold )   
)   
where  gold_medals > 1   
order  by gold_medals, gold_sports, noc   
fetch  first 5 rows only;

-- This is similar to the previous query. 
-- But it finds those countries whose IOC code starts with D.

select * from (   
  select noc, medal, sport, event, gender, athlete   
  from   olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot  (    
  count( distinct sport ||'#'|| event ||'#'|| gender ) medals,   
  count( distinct sport ) sports,   
  listagg( athlete, ',') within group (order by athlete) athletes   
  for medal in ( 'Gold' gold )   
)   
where  noc like 'D%'   
order  by gold_medals;

-- This produces a matrix, sports across the 
-- top countries down the side. There's an X 
-- for each sport that country has a row in the table for.

select * from (     
  select noc, sport     
  from   olympic_medal_winners     
)     
pivot (min('X') for sport in (     
  'Archery' as arc, 'Athletics' as ath, 'Hockey' as hoc,   
  'Judo' as jud, 'Sailing' as sai, 'Wrestling' as wre  
  )      
)     
order  by noc     
fetch  first 7 rows only;

-- This is the old school, pre Oracle Database 
-- 11g method for pivoting data.

select noc,    
       count ( case when medal = 'Gold' then 1 end ) gold_medals,    
       count ( case when medal = 'Silver' then 1 end ) silver_medals,    
       count ( case when medal = 'Bronze' then 1 end ) bronze_medals   
from   olympic_medal_winners   
group  by noc   
order  by 2 desc, 3 desc, 4 desc   
fetch first 5 rows only;

-- An example of how to build the pivot clause 
-- values dynamically. 

-- Note that when you do this the number of 
-- columns can change between runs. So the 
-- execute and fetch routine will be far 
-- more complex in a real world scenario!

declare   
  sql_stmt     clob;   
  pivot_clause clob;   
begin   
  select listagg('''' || sport || ''' as "' || sport || '"', ',') within group (order by sport)    
  into   pivot_clause   
  from   (select distinct sport from olympic_medal_winners);   
   
  sql_stmt := 'select * from (select noc, sport from olympic_medal_winners)   
pivot (count(*) for sport in (' || pivot_clause || '))';   
   
  dbms_output.put_line( sql_stmt );   
   
  execute immediate sql_stmt;   
end;  
/

-- The XML keyword dynamically builds the 
-- list of values to pivot. But you get the 
-- results in XML! Each "column" is an 
-- element in this document.

select * from (   
 select noc, sport   
 from   olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot xml (count(*) medal_winners for sport in (   
 select sport   
 from   olympic_medal_winners   
 where  sport like 'A%')    
)   
where rownum = 1;

-- This previous example gave every country 
-- at least one medal in every sport! To 
-- avoid this, you need to count a column 
-- which will be null if the country 
-- didn't win in a particular event. 

select * from (   
 select noc, sport, athlete   
 from olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot xml (count(athlete) medal_winners for sport in (   
 select sport   
 from   olympic_medal_winners   
 where  sport like 'A%')    
)   
where rownum = 1;

-- This creates the final medal table 
-- for the unpivot example below.

create table olympic_medal_tables as   
select * from (   
 select noc, medal, sport, event, gender   
 from olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot ( count(distinct sport ||'#'|| event ||'#'||gender ) for medal in (   
 'Gold' gold_medals, 'Silver' silver_medals, 'Bronze' bronze_medals   
))   
order  by 2 desc, 3 desc, 4 desc;

-- Unpivot takes the columns and 
-- converts them back to rows. 

select * from olympic_medal_tables   
unpivot (medal_count for medal_colour in (   
  gold_medals as 'GOLD',   
  silver_medals as 'SILVER',   
  bronze_medals as 'BRONZE'   
))   
order  by noc   
fetch  first 6 rows only;
drop table olympic_medal_tables purge;
create table olympic_medal_tables as  
select * from (  
 select noc, medal, sport, event, gender  
 from olympic_medal_winners  
)  
pivot ( count(distinct sport ||'#'|| event ||'#'||gender ) medals,   
  count(distinct sport) sports  
  for medal in (  
 'Gold' gold, 'Silver' silver, 'Bronze' bronze  
))  
order  by 2 desc, 4 desc, 6 desc;

-- You can unpivot two or more columns 
-- to a single row. To do this, provide a 
-- list of the columns you want to combine. 
-- You then get a column for each in the results.

select * from olympic_medal_tables   
unpivot ((medal_count, sport_count) for medal_colour in (   
  (gold_medals, gold_sports) as 'GOLD',    
  (silver_medals, silver_sports) as 'SILVER',    
  (bronze_medals, bronze_sports) as 'BRONZE'   
))   
fetch first 9 rows only;
drop table olympic_medal_tables purge;
create table olympic_medal_tables as  
select * from (  
 select noc, medal, sport, event, gender, athlete  
 from olympic_medal_winners  
)  
pivot ( count(distinct sport ||'#'|| event ||'#'||gender ) medals,   
  listagg(athlete, ',') within group (order by athlete) athletes  
  for medal in (  
 'Gold' gold, 'Silver' silver, 'Bronze' bronze  
))  
order  by 2 desc, 4 desc, 6 desc;

-- Another example of unpivoting multiple columns. 
-- This time with a list of athletes.

select * from olympic_medal_tables   
unpivot ((medal_count, athletes) for medal_colour in (   
  (gold_medals, gold_athletes) as 'GOLD',    
  (silver_medals, silver_athletes) as 'SILVER',    
  (bronze_medals, bronze_athletes) as 'BRONZE'   
))   
where  medal_colour = 'GOLD'   
and    medal_count = 2   
order  by noc   
fetch first 3 rows only;

-- This first unpivots the results to get the 
-- list of athletes won two gold medals. It 
-- then uses XML tokenization to split 
-- the list into a row per person.

with rws as (   
  select * from olympic_medal_tables   
  unpivot ((medal_count, athletes) for medal_colour in (   
    (gold_medals, gold_athletes) as 'GOLD',    
    (silver_medals, silver_athletes) as 'SILVER',    
    (bronze_medals, bronze_athletes) as 'BRONZE'   
  ))   
  where  medal_colour = 'GOLD'   
  and    medal_count = 2   
)   
  select noc, athlete   
  from   rws, xmltable (   
    'if (contains($X,",")) then ora:tokenize($X,"\,") else $X'   
    passing athletes as X   
    columns athlete varchar2(4000) path '.'   
  )   
  order  by 1, 2   
  fetch first 6 rows only;

-- This creates the table of medals won by 
-- each country per sport for use in the 
-- examples below.

create table olympic_country_sport_medals as   
select * from (   
  select noc, sport   
  from   olympic_medal_winners   
)   
pivot (count(sport) for sport in (   
  'Athletics' as ath, 'Artistic Gymnastics' as gym, 'Cycling Track' as cyc,  
  'Boxing' as box, 'Sailing' as sai  
  )    
)   
order  by 1;

-- This switches the rows and columns over 
-- aka a transpose. It does so by chaining 
-- a pivot followed by an unpivot.

select * from olympic_country_sport_medals   
pivot  (   
  sum(ath) ath, sum(box) box, sum(gym) gym, sum(sai) sai, sum(cyc) cyc   
  for noc in ('BRA' BRA, 'CHN' CHN, 'DEN' DEN, 'ESP' ESP, 'ETH' ETH, 'GRE' GRE )   
)   
unpivot (   
  (BRA, CHN, DEN, ESP, ETH, GRE ) for sport in (   
  (BRA_ATH, CHN_ATH, DEN_ATH,  ESP_ATH,  ETH_ATH, GRE_ATH) as 'Athletics',   
  (BRA_GYM, CHN_GYM, DEN_GYM,  ESP_GYM,  ETH_GYM, GRE_GYM) as 'Artistic Gym',   
  (BRA_BOX, CHN_BOX, DEN_BOX,  ESP_BOX,  ETH_BOX, GRE_BOX) as 'Boxing',   
  (BRA_SAI, CHN_SAI, DEN_SAI,  ESP_SAI,  ETH_SAI, GRE_SAI) as 'Sailing',   
  (BRA_CYC, CHN_CYC, DEN_CYC,  ESP_CYC,  ETH_CYC, GRE_CYC) as 'Track Cycling'   
  )   
);

-- Tranposing data using unpivot and pivot. 
-- Much easier to write than the other way around!

select * from olympic_country_sport_medals   
unpivot (   
  (medals) for sport in ( ath, box, gym, sai, cyc )   
)   
pivot  (   
  sum(medals) for noc in (   
    'BRA' BRA, 'CHN' CHN, 'DEN' DEN, 'ESP' ESP, 'ETH' ETH, 'GRE' GRE  
  )   
);
Take me back to the top 👆🏻👆🏻👆🏻

Leave a Comment